Part of navigating your compensation package is knowing how taxes will affect your bottom line. Many people receive restricted stock units (RSUs) as part of their compensation, ensuring that they will stay with the company long-term until those stock units vest and aligning their work with broad company growth. Once they do, you need to know what to anticipate when it comes to what you will owe on them.

So, are RSUs taxed twice? Plus, what can you do to alleviate some of the tax burden associated with them? Here is what you need to know to make the most of any RSUs that you might receive from your employer.

Are RSUs Taxed Twice?

RSUs may be subjected to a variety of taxes depending on where you live and when you sell them. In some cases, your RSUs may be taxed twice.

The good news is that you will not owe taxes on your RSUs right away at grant. They do not have any real value until they vest, which can be years down the road depending on the company you work for and if they are public or private. However, they will be taxed as income as soon as they vest.

Let’s take a closer look at how RSU tax liability works.

Suppose that you have 2,000 RSUs that vest this year, with the fair market value of each one being around $50. This makes for $100,000 worth of income that you will be taxed on. If you happen to be in the 32 percent federal tax bracket, you could owe as much as $32,000 in taxes on these vested RSUs.

This RSU income is subject to federal, Social Security, Medicare, state, and local taxes.

Federal Taxes

Of course, your federal tax bracket and exactly what you will owe varies based on your income bracket and filing status. Below you will find 2023 federal income tax brackets for both single filers and those who will file married, filing jointly.

Single Filers for 2023:

Tax Rate	Income Bracket	Taxes Owed
10%	$0 - $11,000	10% of taxable income
12%	$11,001 - $44,725	$1,100 plus 12% over $11,000
22%	$44,726 - $95,375	$5,147 plus 22% over $44,725
24%	$95,376 - $182,100	$16,920 plus 24% over $95,375
32%	$182,101 - $231,250	$37,104 + 32% over $182,100
35%	$231,251 - $578,125	$52,832 plus 35% over $231,250
37%	$578,126+	$174,238.25 plus 37% over $578,125

Married Filing Jointly for 2023:

Tax Rate	Income Bracket	Taxes Owed
10%	$0 - $22,000	10% of taxable income
12%	$22,001 - $89,450	$2,200 plus 12% over $22,000
22%	$89,451 - $190,750	$10,924 plus 22% over $89,450
24%	$190,751 - $364,200	$32,580 plus 24% over $190,750
32%	$364,201 - $462,500	$74,208 plus 32% over $364,200
35%	$462,501 - $693,750	$105,664 plus 35% over $462,500
37%	$693,751+	$186,601.50 plus 37% over $693,750

Often, the company you work for will sell a default number of shares at fair market value that will negate your federal tax bill in a move known as sell-to-cover. The default rate is 22% federal withholding plus applicable Social Security and Medicare taxes. Depending on your tax bracket, this may be nowhere near the amount of tax you actually owe, resulting in a huge tax bill at the end of the year.

Remember that your marginal tax bracket is not the same as your effective rate. Curious what we mean? Check out this quick tax bracket estimator in the first section of our popular blog post Top 4 Ways to Reduce Taxes on RSU income.

It’s also worth noting that not every company will do this and you may have to plan ahead for how you will pay the federal tax bill out of pocket. In addition, some companies (but not all) allow you to change this default sell-to-cover rate to more closely match your effective tax rate.

Be sure to check with the policies at your company to determine where to make these changes and what restrictions you may have.

State Taxes

In addition to federal taxes, your RSU income is also subject to state taxes, which will depend on where you reside.

For example, Washington’s RSU tax rate includes a new capital gains tax of 7% on gains realized from a long-term asset (RSUs held longer than one year). That being said, there is no state income tax in Washington, so you are in the clear on vest and may be in the clear if you sell quickly (with minimal gain).
From California to New York, every state will have unique RSU tax rules. Be sure to research what you can expect to pay for state taxes in addition to your federal tax bracket.

Capital Gains Taxes

When each RSU is sold, it is taxed as capital gains. Capital gains covers the amount that you have profited on the sale of the stock above and beyond the value that it held when it first vested.

It is worth noting that being taxed twice means you made money twice. In other words, you recognized income upon vest, and then you recognized a capital gain when you sold, assuming the stock went up of course. This is not a bad thing!

Some investors opt to sell their RSUs right away, before they have an opportunity to gain or lose value. It is a savvy way to minimize these capital gains taxes and avoid RSUs being taxed twice. This is particularly true among people who view their unvested RSUs as their “exposure” to their company stock, and therefore prefer to sell their vested shares to reduce concentration risk.

How to Reduce RSU Taxes

Of course, most people who receive RSUs as part of their compensation package want to make the most of this perk and any earned income. Taxes can substantially eat into your profit, but there are a few clever ways that you can minimize your taxes on RSU income.

Sell Right Away

The first and perhaps the easiest way to reduce the taxes is to sell the stock right away. When shares vest for the first time, they are viewed as ordinary income. The company you work for may sell a certain percentage of your shares to cover your federal tax burden on this income in a process known as sell-to-cover (again, the default is 22% for federal tax).

More importantly, the value of the stock you receive has yet to increase or decrease much in value. This means that you will not be subject to capital gains taxes, as the value has not changed from the day that you received it (or the tax will be minimal because the additional gain will be minimal).

Maximize Tax-Deductible Accounts

You can also minimize your tax burden by maximizing your tax-deductible accounts. For example, you may contribute the maximum amount to a pre-tax or Roth 401(k) where you may also receive a match from your employer. Other tax-deductible accounts like health savings accounts (HSAs) can also be great vehicles to minimize your tax burden.

Depending on the company you work for, here are some guides for getting more value out of your 401(k):

Get More Out Of Your Finances With Consilio

You work hard, and you deserve to get the most out of your benefits. At Consilio Wealth Advisors, we work with tech professionals like you to help you get the most out of your unique compensation package, including any RSUs that you are granted. We specialize in building you a decision framework to sell your shares, whether that’s immediately upon vesting to avoid your RSUs getting taxed twice or later down the road to maximize your earnings. All of this is dependent on your unique financial plan, which is not one size fits all!

Contact us today to learn more and start maximizing your income!

DISCLOSURES:

The information provided is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice and it should not be relied on as such. It should not be considered a solicitation to buy or an offer to sell a security. It does not take into account any investor's particular investment objectives, strategies, tax status or investment horizon. You should consult your attorney or tax advisor.

The views expressed in this commentary are subject to change based on market and other conditions. These documents may contain certain statements that may be deemed forward‐looking statements. Please note that any such statements are not guarantees of any future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those projected. Any projections, market outlooks, or estimates are based upon certain assumptions and should not be construed as indicative of actual events that will occur.

All information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but its accuracy is not guaranteed. There is no representation or warranty as to the current accuracy, reliability or completeness of, nor liability for, decisions based on such information and it should not be relied on as such.

Consilio Wealth Advisors, LLC (“CWA”) is a registered investment advisor. Advisory services are only offered to clients or prospective clients where CWA and its representatives are properly licensed or exempt from licensure.

Are RSUs Taxed Twice? What You Need to Know